Destruction of the Turkish Fleet in the Bay of Chesme | Jacob Philipp Hackert | 1771

The Destruction of the Turkish Fleet in the Bay of Çeşme (Battle of Çeşme) was a dramatic naval climax of the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774, fought between 5–7 July 1770 in the Aegean Sea near the Ottoman port of Çeşme on the western coast of Anatolia. A Russian squadron under Count Alexei Grigoryevich Orlov and Admiral Grigory Spiridov, though outnumbered by the larger Ottoman fleet commanded by Mandalzade Hüsameddin Pasha, aggressively engaged the Turks, forcing them to anchor in tight formation within Çeşme Bay—where their cramped defensive line and proximity to shore batteries were expected to offer protection. Russian commanders, recognizing the fleet’s vulnerability, planned a bold night assault: they deployed fireships—vessels loaded with combustibles designed to drift into enemy ranks and ignite them—which, aided by favorable winds, were driven into the congested Ottoman line. The resulting inferno rapidly engulfed the Turkish warships; magazines exploded, fires spread from hull to hull, and confounded sailors either perished in the flames or drowned trying to reach the shore. By 7 July, virtually the entire Ottoman Mediterranean squadron—comprising fifteen ships of the line, six frigates, and dozens of smaller craft—had been destroyed or captured, with thousands of Ottoman sailors killed, while Russian losses were minimal. The obliteration of the Ottoman fleet not only secured Russian dominance in the Aegean for the remainder of the campaign but also dealt a profound blow to Ottoman naval power and prestige.

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